linux/rust/kernel/interop/list.rs

// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0

//! Rust interface for C doubly circular intrusive linked lists.
//!
//! This module provides Rust abstractions for iterating over C `list_head`-based
//! linked lists. It should only be used for cases where C and Rust code share
//! direct access to the same linked list through a C interop interface.
//!
//! Note: This *must not* be used by Rust components that just need a linked list
//! primitive. Use [`kernel::list::List`] instead.
//!
//! # Examples
//!
//! ```
//! use kernel::{
//!     bindings,
//!     interop::list::clist_create,
//!     types::Opaque,
//! };
//! # // Create test list with values (0, 10, 20) - normally done by C code but it is
//! # // emulated here for doctests using the C bindings.
//! # use core::mem::MaybeUninit;
//! #
//! # /// C struct with embedded `list_head` (typically will be allocated by C code).
//! # #[repr(C)]
//! # pub struct SampleItemC {
//! #     pub value: i32,
//! #     pub link: bindings::list_head,
//! # }
//! #
//! # let mut head = MaybeUninit::<bindings::list_head>::uninit();
//! #
//! # let head = head.as_mut_ptr();
//! # // SAFETY: `head` and all the items are test objects allocated in this scope.
//! # unsafe { bindings::INIT_LIST_HEAD(head) };
//! #
//! # let mut items = [
//! #     MaybeUninit::<SampleItemC>::uninit(),
//! #     MaybeUninit::<SampleItemC>::uninit(),
//! #     MaybeUninit::<SampleItemC>::uninit(),
//! # ];
//! #
//! # for (i, item) in items.iter_mut().enumerate() {
//! #     let ptr = item.as_mut_ptr();
//! #     // SAFETY: `ptr` points to a valid `MaybeUninit<SampleItemC>`.
//! #     unsafe { (*ptr).value = i as i32 * 10 };
//! #     // SAFETY: `&raw mut` creates a pointer valid for `INIT_LIST_HEAD`.
//! #     unsafe { bindings::INIT_LIST_HEAD(&raw mut (*ptr).link) };
//! #     // SAFETY: `link` was just initialized and `head` is a valid list head.
//! #     unsafe { bindings::list_add_tail(&mut (*ptr).link, head) };
//! # }
//!
//! /// Rust wrapper for the C struct.
//! ///
//! /// The list item struct in this example is defined in C code as:
//! ///
//! /// ```c
//! /// struct SampleItemC {
//! ///     int value;
//! ///     struct list_head link;
//! /// };
//! /// ```
//! #[repr(transparent)]
//! pub struct Item(Opaque<SampleItemC>);
//!
//! impl Item {
//!     pub fn value(&self) -> i32 {
//!         // SAFETY: `Item` has the same layout as `SampleItemC`.
//!         unsafe { (*self.0.get()).value }
//!     }
//! }
//!
//! // Create typed [`CList`] from sentinel head.
//! // SAFETY: `head` is valid and initialized, items are `SampleItemC` with
//! // embedded `link` field, and `Item` is `#[repr(transparent)]` over `SampleItemC`.
//! let list = unsafe { clist_create!(head, Item, SampleItemC, link) };
//!
//! // Iterate directly over typed items.
//! let mut found_0 = false;
//! let mut found_10 = false;
//! let mut found_20 = false;
//!
//! for item in list.iter() {
//!     let val = item.value();
//!     if val == 0 { found_0 = true; }
//!     if val == 10 { found_10 = true; }
//!     if val == 20 { found_20 = true; }
//! }
//!
//! assert!(found_0 && found_10 && found_20);
//! ```

use core::{
    iter::FusedIterator,
    marker::PhantomData, //
};

use crate::{
    bindings,
    types::Opaque, //
};

use pin_init::{
    pin_data,
    pin_init,
    PinInit, //
};

/// FFI wrapper for a C `list_head` object used in intrusive linked lists.
///
/// # Invariants
///
/// - The underlying `list_head` is initialized with valid non-`NULL` `next`/`prev` pointers.
#[pin_data]
#[repr(transparent)]
pub struct CListHead {
    #[pin]
    inner: Opaque<bindings::list_head>,
}

impl CListHead {
    /// Create a `&CListHead` reference from a raw `list_head` pointer.
    ///
    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// - `ptr` must be a valid pointer to an initialized `list_head` (e.g. via
    ///   `INIT_LIST_HEAD()`), with valid non-`NULL` `next`/`prev` pointers.
    /// - `ptr` must remain valid for the lifetime `'a`.
    /// - The list and all linked `list_head` nodes must not be modified from
    ///   anywhere for the lifetime `'a`, unless done so via any [`CListHead`] APIs.
    #[inline]
    pub unsafe fn from_raw<'a>(ptr: *mut bindings::list_head) -> &'a Self {
        // SAFETY:
        // - `CListHead` has the same layout as `list_head`.
        // - `ptr` is valid and unmodified for `'a` per caller guarantees.
        unsafe { &*ptr.cast() }
    }

    /// Get the raw `list_head` pointer.
    #[inline]
    pub fn as_raw(&self) -> *mut bindings::list_head {
        self.inner.get()
    }

    /// Get the next [`CListHead`] in the list.
    #[inline]
    pub fn next(&self) -> &Self {
        let raw = self.as_raw();
        // SAFETY:
        // - `self.as_raw()` is valid and initialized per type invariants.
        // - The `next` pointer is valid and non-`NULL` per type invariants
        //   (initialized via `INIT_LIST_HEAD()` or equivalent).
        unsafe { Self::from_raw((*raw).next) }
    }

    /// Check if this node is linked in a list (not isolated).
    #[inline]
    pub fn is_linked(&self) -> bool {
        let raw = self.as_raw();
        // SAFETY: `self.as_raw()` is valid per type invariants.
        unsafe { (*raw).next != raw && (*raw).prev != raw }
    }

    /// Returns a pin-initializer for the list head.
    pub fn new() -> impl PinInit<Self> {
        pin_init!(Self {
            // SAFETY: `INIT_LIST_HEAD` initializes `slot` to a valid empty list.
            inner <- Opaque::ffi_init(|slot| unsafe { bindings::INIT_LIST_HEAD(slot) }),
        })
    }
}

// SAFETY: `list_head` contains no thread-bound state; it only holds
// `next`/`prev` pointers.
unsafe impl Send for CListHead {}

// SAFETY: `CListHead` can be shared among threads as modifications are
// not allowed at the moment.
unsafe impl Sync for CListHead {}

impl PartialEq for CListHead {
    #[inline]
    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
        core::ptr::eq(self, other)
    }
}

impl Eq for CListHead {}

/// Low-level iterator over `list_head` nodes.
///
/// An iterator used to iterate over a C intrusive linked list (`list_head`). The caller has to
/// perform conversion of returned [`CListHead`] to an item (using [`container_of`] or similar).
///
/// # Invariants
///
/// `current` and `sentinel` are valid references into an initialized linked list.
struct CListHeadIter<'a> {
    /// Current position in the list.
    current: &'a CListHead,
    /// The sentinel head (used to detect end of iteration).
    sentinel: &'a CListHead,
}

impl<'a> Iterator for CListHeadIter<'a> {
    type Item = &'a CListHead;

    #[inline]
    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
        // Check if we've reached the sentinel (end of list).
        if self.current == self.sentinel {
            return None;
        }

        let item = self.current;
        self.current = item.next();
        Some(item)
    }
}

impl<'a> FusedIterator for CListHeadIter<'a> {}

/// A typed C linked list with a sentinel head intended for FFI use-cases where
/// a C subsystem manages a linked list that Rust code needs to read. Generally
/// required only for special cases.
///
/// A sentinel head [`CListHead`] represents the entire linked list and can be used
/// for iteration over items of type `T`; it is not associated with a specific item.
///
/// The const generic `OFFSET` specifies the byte offset of the `list_head` field within
/// the struct that `T` wraps.
///
/// # Invariants
///
/// - The sentinel [`CListHead`] has valid non-`NULL` `next`/`prev` pointers.
/// - `OFFSET` is the byte offset of the `list_head` field within the struct that `T` wraps.
/// - All the list's `list_head` nodes have valid non-`NULL` `next`/`prev` pointers.
#[repr(transparent)]
pub struct CList<T, const OFFSET: usize>(CListHead, PhantomData<T>);

impl<T, const OFFSET: usize> CList<T, OFFSET> {
    /// Create a typed [`CList`] reference from a raw sentinel `list_head` pointer.
    ///
    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// - `ptr` must be a valid pointer to an initialized sentinel `list_head` (e.g. via
    ///   `INIT_LIST_HEAD()`), with valid non-`NULL` `next`/`prev` pointers.
    /// - `ptr` must remain valid for the lifetime `'a`.
    /// - The list and all linked nodes must not be concurrently modified for the lifetime `'a`.
    /// - The list must contain items where the `list_head` field is at byte offset `OFFSET`.
    /// - `T` must be `#[repr(transparent)]` over the C struct.
    #[inline]
    pub unsafe fn from_raw<'a>(ptr: *mut bindings::list_head) -> &'a Self {
        // SAFETY:
        // - `CList` has the same layout as `CListHead` due to `#[repr(transparent)]`.
        // - Caller guarantees `ptr` is a valid, sentinel `list_head` object.
        unsafe { &*ptr.cast() }
    }

    /// Check if the list is empty.
    #[inline]
    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
        !self.0.is_linked()
    }

    /// Create an iterator over typed items.
    #[inline]
    pub fn iter(&self) -> CListIter<'_, T, OFFSET> {
        let head = &self.0;
        CListIter {
            head_iter: CListHeadIter {
                current: head.next(),
                sentinel: head,
            },
            _phantom: PhantomData,
        }
    }
}

/// High-level iterator over typed list items.
pub struct CListIter<'a, T, const OFFSET: usize> {
    head_iter: CListHeadIter<'a>,
    _phantom: PhantomData<&'a T>,
}

impl<'a, T, const OFFSET: usize> Iterator for CListIter<'a, T, OFFSET> {
    type Item = &'a T;

    #[inline]
    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
        let head = self.head_iter.next()?;

        // Convert to item using `OFFSET`.
        //
        // SAFETY: The pointer calculation is valid because `OFFSET` is derived
        // from `offset_of!` per type invariants.
        Some(unsafe { &*head.as_raw().byte_sub(OFFSET).cast::<T>() })
    }
}

impl<'a, T, const OFFSET: usize> FusedIterator for CListIter<'a, T, OFFSET> {}

/// Create a C doubly-circular linked list interface [`CList`] from a raw `list_head` pointer.
///
/// This macro creates a `CList<T, OFFSET>` that can iterate over items of type `$rust_type`
/// linked via the `$field` field in the underlying C struct `$c_type`.
///
/// # Arguments
///
/// - `$head`: Raw pointer to the sentinel `list_head` object (`*mut bindings::list_head`).
/// - `$rust_type`: Each item's Rust wrapper type.
/// - `$c_type`: Each item's C struct type that contains the embedded `list_head`.
/// - `$field`: The name of the `list_head` field within the C struct.
///
/// # Safety
///
/// The caller must ensure:
///
/// - `$head` is a valid, initialized sentinel `list_head` (e.g. via `INIT_LIST_HEAD()`)
///   pointing to a list that is not concurrently modified for the lifetime of the [`CList`].
/// - The list contains items of type `$c_type` linked via an embedded `$field`.
/// - `$rust_type` is `#[repr(transparent)]` over `$c_type` or has compatible layout.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// Refer to the examples in the [`crate::interop::list`] module documentation.
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! clist_create {
    ($head:expr, $rust_type:ty, $c_type:ty, $($field:tt).+) => {{
        // Compile-time check that field path is a `list_head`.
        let _: fn(*const $c_type) -> *const $crate::bindings::list_head =
            |p| &raw const (*p).$($field).+;

        // Calculate offset and create `CList`.
        const OFFSET: usize = ::core::mem::offset_of!($c_type, $($field).+);
        $crate::interop::list::CList::<$rust_type, OFFSET>::from_raw($head)
    }};
}
pub use clist_create;